One may select and scale the feed rate for continuous reactors a bit more easily than for batch reactors – again provided it is at the proper time in the life cycle. Note when conducted at the appropriate part of the long-term life cycle, a planned temperature increase is relatively easier and cheaper to implement when compared to certifying and creating high pressure containment methods. where the company is in it’s long-term cycle life ( long-term product life-cycle). However such an impact is dependent on how many years that the company has been in existence!…i.e. A temperature increase, should it be feasible, still has the most dominant influence on production. For example one prefers continuous processing over batch processing or choose open system processing over closed system processing. Increasing the throughput with improved time-management processes.There is almost no impact of pressure when no gasses are involved in the reaction unless one is in the very high 10-1000 Bar range of operational pressures.

The impact of pressure is related to achieving more reactant (molecular level) collisions per unit time, which is a possibility when gasses are involved in the reaction. Pressure has a very small or no influence on the Equilibrium Constant, discussed further below. The Pressure only somewhat increases the Reaction Rate, only influencing the rate in a manner similar to a reactant concentration-change. Temperature has an influence on the rate of heat transfer, regardless of whether the reactants are solids, liquids or gasses. The ions augment convective and radiative heat transport. The Cascade e-Ion plasma is one of the fastest methods of enhancing power in the heat transfer mode. The power law exponent ø, is a constant approximately equal to 1 but could be as high as 4 for high-temperature processing, particularly when transferring heat quickly with e-ions or very high temperature steam. The temperature ( T) speeds up a conversion exponentially, because the productivity is proportional to (T ø. The Temperature impacts the Reaction Rate, Energy Efficiency, Heat-Transfer Rate and the Equilibrium Constant. The main factors that influence productivity are shown in the highlighted table below. The commonly employed unit for E, is kJ/mol for chemical reactions. The symbols R and E below represent the Universal Gas Constant and a generic activation barrier respectively. Productivity and production-amount activity are interchangeable terminologies. Better productivity generally leads to better energy efficiency. Improvements in productivity are achieved through improved operation-research optimization methods, good internal business practices and best technical conditions that keep up with the latest technical improvements in thermal and materials availability.

Overall the productivity of a Commercial Chemical Process is defined as the amount of product made by an industrial chemical reaction plant (units of tons/year). The rate of reaction involves the equilibrium constant and a few other kinetic ‘processing variable’ discussed below. Process variables are initial temperature, pressure, concentration of reactants and other pertinent conditions like the quality of insulation, feed back control-ability, good sensors and like. For chemical reactions the productivity can be considerably influenced by changes in the imposed process conditions.

K is is a thermodynamic property thus implying some strict boundaries for the possibilities to influence this number without changing other variables like temperature. The direction of any reaction is influenced by the Equilibrium Constant, K (defined below). The four bullets below show that the productivity can be mainly enhanced by an increase in the Temperature (T), only somewhat by Pressure (P) and sometimes with the use of a good Catalyst. tons per year) may be enhanced by tweaking the process variables like temperature, the pressure or enhancing heat transfer rates where applicable. Below, we focus mainly on the the technical variables that influence this productivity (sometimes also referred to as activity in the productivity literature).Īs a rule of thumb, an increase in the productivity of an heat-enabled favorable reaction, measured in throughput increase per unit time (e.g. The term industrial-productivity, encompasses not only the chemical kinetic rate but also aspects of the long-term product life-cycle and other important economic factors that define the reactant and other supply processes (see also innovation constants). To enable an increase in the productivity of a chemical or materials processing method, the ojective is to increase the conversion rate of reactants to products. More Detailed Answer: Please read on….for high temperature steam and the novel open-ionic products.

Boson x steam stage edit